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A month ago I returned from Peru, where I attended the First International Meeting of Origami Cusco 2007. This is the second international convention that I go then I decided to open up the world of this activity. I got to meet wonderful people and amaze me how travel can only wonder and kicking up the inner world of human beings.

Nicaraguan People like Aldo Marcell, who in his loneliness and conviction figures has developed an amazing and impressive spirit to understand the representation and nature. His work as a botanist and his fascination by observation of living beings (including us) allowed me to find a comprehensive and balanced beauty within a person a little shy but very thoughtful. For example here you can see one of their stars modular and a look at the table who shared co Meri Beatriz and exposure in the event.




Diego Quevedo also met in Colombia, CP solver, who enjoys an emotional and honest personality, a great friend who I hope will come to Chile in February, here in the workshop that gave Cusco.




And then there were the guys Origami Cusco, Antarki, Roy, Omar, Johnathan (and that I will), a gang with which I felt very comfortable. Hyperactive and with a sense of humor lol. It's amazing the youth of the group back in Cusco, but their jobs were at the highest level. I gave a little laugh that expect me to be something of a celebrity or some kind of expert:) I must also admit that I worried at first that difference in age between us (the guests) and they, but slowly and a good dose of "chacota" as we say here in Chile, we all feel part of the same experience and enjoy at maximum capacity. His enthusiasm and the ease with which faced every challenge pushed me to renew my vows and look forward to a year that has been particularly difficult and where, curiously, my practice of origami exploited and conquered an important place in my mind.

part of the gang here ...


Ten years ago he had traveled to Cusco, then a university willing to live life to the full and that trip was one of the best experiences of my life, I am very happy that this return would allow me to realize that, although a little older and sadder, life presents me as then, full of beauty, humor, emotions and people. A special greeting to Roberto Romero, a man who risks for what you believe and put your self in the line when it comes to realize their visions and projects. His organization of the meeting was impressive, and fail-safe and let me know one aspect of origami as important as generally neglected: social action.



I started this activity as something personal and even a little selfish, sometimes we get carried away by our ego and we have our challenges to try to achieve excellence and perfection in our fold. And this meeting just threw us a ground wire, gave workshops every day, from schools full of children to women in recovery processes. I faced the reality that taught me the treatment costs, do not keep in memory for simple and effective figures who are just interested in learning, I had to learn in the hall (thanks to Duck Kunz) one or two things to teach, the teaching experience, however, Pato was unable to show me. It was both a beautiful and difficult.

Origami is an art as it is a representation, a language with which to represent, but also therapy and is game, that can not be forgotten, that helps many people, and helps us to ourselves, and magic as well, is to get a dove on a sheet of paper, is to make a penguin out of nowhere and do that a person dreams about penguins and fantasies. That was the best and also the most difficult part of this great meeting, a lesson that I hope to exploit.

A big greeting to the friends of Bolivia, one of them shared a bottle night tripartite (Chile, Peru and Bolivia) ja, dry hair ...

I posted the few pictures I rescued from my camera, they can also visit the site Origami Cusco, there figures and see the wonderful times we spent in Peru.

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The Paper (4 Part)

been a while, lots of things, but enfin, here we are back. After a welcome break, and my amazing trip to the Cusco Convention (which I'll write soon, just have the photos) it's time to continue this way. We stayed in some of the main structural properties of the paper, we discussed the weight, thickness and training and it is still necessary to mention others that complete the structural framework of this noble material.

Thus, in this chapter we will take care of Directionality, "Duplex," Smoothness and Porosity , all directly affected by production processes used in modern manufacture of paper.

Directionality.

This is one of the most important characteristics of papermaking. Because the pulp is moved unidirectionally in busy circuits and production lines, the fibers tend to align in one main direction (the flow), the fact that the fibers are oriented in one direction directly affects Paper mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elastic recovery to the fold, the shape and spread of the tear and worthwhile to say, bending, marking or punching, which occur more easily in the opposite direction of the fibers since the fibers which have the elastic recovery factor according to the direction axial. The grain direction is so important for the formation of boxes, packages and forms is indicated on the packages of cards and papers that are sent to factories and companies, in the case of rolls this direction is obvious.

To determine the grain direction of a sheet of paper the simplest method is to observe the natural sag of the sheet in different directions holding one end of the road, here an example with a square of plain paper printing

the grain direction (Main Grain Direction or Direction) is offered by smaller buckling in this case close the first image, the cross direction (Cross Direction) is close to the second.

Another way to know is to observe the direction of the curl of the paper when it is wet, this is because the fibers swell in the axial direction more than in the diagonal, as can be seen these old books affected by moisture:

Finally, other tests to determine it are more destructive and include measuring the tensile strength (greater in the direction of the grain) or impact on the role and evaluating cracks produced (paradoxically higher in the transverse direction).

More on this when we review the mechanical properties of paper, but by way of example, if we take a sheet of kraft paper of 90 (g/m2) which, as we have seen, corresponds to a purely chemical process leaving the fibers intact, if these are aligned along its length, the sheet has a limit of tensile strength of 7.43 (KN / m) in the Department of Fiber and 3.81 (kN / m) in the cross direction (source TAPPI: Properties of Paper, an Introduction). Similar differences are seen in many of the mechanical properties of paper, like doblabilidad, propagation of tears and others that we will see later.

Duplex

also because the production processes of paper pulp is pulled into its production line for metal bands that have surface grid, which influence the concentration of elements in it, creating a significant difference between the compositions of the paper surface and the opposite, which is in contact with the rollers and pulleys. This is how you can display a distribution of components along the z axis (vertical) of the paper, the main affected the refiners and filling materials or routes.


side of the grid is commonly called "Side Cable (Wire Side) and that is in contact with pulleys and rollers" Side Felt (Felt Side). The first graph shows the concentration of ash along the z axis of the sheet of paper, which is used as filler material, the second shows the resistance to filtration, which is greater to the extent that the paper has refiners, that is, the paper absorbs less of Felt Side than on the side of the cable, which makes items such as dyes are more concentrated in the side of the wire in the Felt.

To identify the other side it helps to know that there are superficial differences, the grid marking in grid or diamond, visible on the blade to 45 degrees against the light, this can be done by passing a more noticeable Light charcoal pencil on the surface, plus it generally felt Side has a closer formation and is softer than the end of the cable.

Another

method is to cause a tear keeping one hand on a hard surface such as glass, ripping is done in the direction of the grain and then curve towards the diagonal, when the side of cable is up, ie is the free side, ripping, especially in the curve, shows greater defibrillation (pen), and finally, if the paper contains an abrasive filler, marking a line with a silver coin will leave a darker mark on the side of the felt that the opposite.

The difference of both sides directly influences the type of fold and they support the resistance, the side of the felt is denser and therefore resists bending more to the valley, which are understanding that the bush (expansion), among other features

Softness

Soft is a surface property of paper and usually has consequences for mechanical applications, writing and paper handling more than doubled and its response to the work of origami, however, aesthetic effects of rough surfaces others are more important and the use of layers to change the softness of a sheet of paper can influence the bending properties. There are several methods for measuring the smoothness, which ranging from optical analysis in the light, the use of microscopes and micrometers, to measure the passage of air between the paper and glass, the friction of it against metal or other paper to the printing ink roller.

Porosity

Porosity is a vital factor in the composition of the paper, the paper should be considered normal in 50% air, something which is within the fibers themselves, but a large majority is in the pores formed between the component materials. The ratio of pore volume versus total volume is called porosity of the material. The porosity is measured only sporadically in laboratories and experimental parameter measured is usually one related: air permeability, which is basically the flow of pressurized air passing through a sheet of paper, or their Conversely, the strength of paper to passage of air. These parameters are close but not comparable roles as porosity, but one with small and uniformly distributed pores can have very different roles permeability of large pores distributed unevenly.

Porosity is important for several reasons, either because it affects mechanical properties such as resistance to or surface tension and appearance, or their influence on treatment such as printing capacity, saturation or surface revstimientos application and to use it is put to paper (napkins, towels, cigarettes, paper towels, filter or insulating and fat test).

is important to note that also affects the ability of dubbing the paper, the tensile strength decreases with the porosity and the number of folds and paper handling complex origami models, in addition to the folds are not marked by the absence of material to define the breaks of the fibers (try a Komatsu on a napkin) however, a very low porosity, ie a very dense, it can be difficult to handle.

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Robert Lang is known for the deep mathematical basis underlying their models. A couple of years posted on its site (an incredible site, I must say) a beautiful rose of many petals, along with its pattern of folds or CP, Lang apparently admired the roses made by Kawasaki and others but wanted see more petals a rose and more open (which got no doubt.) Almost immediately opened a thread
http://www.thekhans.me.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=1227&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=lang+rose&start=0
British forum where many were dedicated to the idea of \u200b\u200bsolving this pattern and get the beautiful flower. Read the eight pages that has that who Mailing is a fascinating exercise and an amazing experience to see so many people contributing and supporting community behind a common artistic goal. I was so impressed I decided to try it and resolve, for the first time in my life, a PC (although almost all the work was already done lol).



Looking at the CP one would think the choice of horizontal folds proportions is a little complicated, but understanding how the work of Lang gives a realize that behind it is certainly a very deep study of the proportions I wanted the author to the petals, which are reducing in size as we approach the center of the flower. Similarly the vertical folds, separated by 1 / 11 lets you get a pentagonal base, as discussed below. However, getting these lines without using a ruler and a calculator was quite complicated, Daydreamer, in that forum, utlize Reference Finder program (Lang thereof) for a point in the seventh row and a year later, another participant, Silent Winter , gave an incredible way to turn it from the rest of the top line.
While
Daydreamer method is very accurate, I was not sure it was very intuitive, so I projected an angle from the opposite corner at the end of that line and I noticed that this angle was almost exactly 20 degrees, and the distance from lower edge to the line (29/80, 0.3625) is almost the same distance between the left and the fourth vertical (4 / 11, 0.36363), that way it could generate both folds to make the 45 degrees being the left edge of the horizontal line at the end. Getting a 20 degree bend is not easy but in a very interesting site learned a method trisecting any angle and I already knew a method for making a bend at 60 degrees.



The second stage of this exercise was to fold the base, which was more complicated in the end, the best was to go by folding down the reverse bends from left to right, column by column, opening up a little given time, very useful was the fact that in some CPs Lang marked only the thicker lines are the ones that are ultimately folded into the final figure and correspond to the yellow and black valleys to mountains:) (I like it Thus, an author who not to keep secrets) and things, the base was taking shape. Note that by collapsing the base one and get some concavity on your product of careful selection of the proportions in the design of the figure.





And finally came the most difficult, trying to shape the petals are pointed to the base. First turn the different levels, through the flaps that arise between them, to distribute the petals at different angles, like a solar array, I realized that it was best to go from the bottom up, ie from the greatest levels even the youngest children to be the center of the flower. After the petals bend down, lift a little of their base; to finally lift and tube bending small central petals. I've done it many times and it's really difficult to reach a result that leaves me happy, is a very delicate set of skills requires a lot of the beam. It is also clear that a better result is achieved with paper-thin and thin and probably doubling wet with methyl cellulose.





So I gathered all the information I could, plus some photos and put it in a small paper, I offer here for those who want to share with me this experience of solving a CP fascinating. I greatly appreciate the Lord Robert Lang for allowing me to show it, even though my flowers still go very trout: (I can only say that he is a big one. The diagrams of some of it already exist and were published in the book of the 12 th Convention JOAS and The last book of Origami USA Convention, I hope to get soon to follow the master.

Many greetings to all.
Zip
pdf file: rosalang2.pdf.zip

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Lang's Rose Role (Part 3 and counting ...)





Funny how he comes to research a topic. You go and getting some reading sources information and soon a book falls into your hands and it turns out that refuting data is considered a safe, clear and concrete. This is what happened to me "Properties of Paper: An Introduction" , published by TAPPI (Industry Technology Association of the Pulp and Paper, for its acronym in English), authors William E. Scott, James C. Abbott and Stanley Trosset, a fantastic book, even when directed to the industrial production of paper in the United States, which leaves out certain uses art and craft of paper.

Such new information Incomplete places, I am forced to talk more about the nature of paper manufacturing.

We have said that the main source of raw material for industrial production of wood pulp is the tree. We also saw that along with other elements coexist cellulose in plant cells, such as Hemilcelulosa and lignin. However, reading this book I learned that the role of lignin in the plant is the bonding between the fibers and its concentration increases in the outer layers of cells in a plant, contrary to what we said in the last entry . Just need to remove the lignin to release cellulose fibers in a solution homogeneous, since it binds to the outer walls of the fibers and isolation from the other, hindering the formation of contact points between pure cellulose fibers (which are bringing about the "bond" or density of the paper.) Lignin is a complex structure and variable, is insoluble in water but can be soluble in certain acid solutions.

as practical information for those wishing to cook their own flesh, an agent that dissolves the lignin (not too efficient but it serves) is the popular caustic soda in water. Its efficiency improves in the presence of high temperatures and high pressure steam (But do a pressure cooker for a caustic solution can be very dangerous!). Do not worry about the cell, it resists almost all known chemicals except some very strong acids.

The other component, Hemilcelulosa, is a polymer similar to cellulose but with slightly different molecular compositions, is important in the role because it stimulates the formation of fiber-fiber contacts and absorption capacity water, however, does not withstand the process of removing lignin.

So if you ask me, I would say that if they want to make paper at home, forget about the wood of the tree and look for a plant with low concentrations of lignin and fibers too long (this leaves out the cotton) for otherwise the paper will be too strong (as cloth) and difficult bending (do not forget that the mark of a fold is given by the fracture of the fibers).

This is also the fact that paper production has become an extremely polluting process only by the use of chemicals in the extraction of lignin, and this has been like to use cheap and abundant materials as the wood of trees. Is everyone's responsibility to minimize the use of paper obtained by these means.

Within the methods exist to generate purely mechanical pulp (such as ball mills or disc refiners), equivalent to 10 to 15% of world production, its disadvantages are difficulty achieve a uniform and homogeneous pulp, excessive breakage and damage the fibers and rapid aging, so they are used in the manufacture of newsprint, catalogs, mild and temporary.

The lignin gives the pulp and paper color characteristic brown newsprint or newspaper. It must also understand that it is not possible to remove all the lignin in the wood, so all the pulp from that source has a characteristic brown color, the paper called kraft of that color, actually corresponds to a chemical process pure (a process that actually has that name), just has not gone through the stage of bleaching.

And speaking of contamination throughout the production process of the pulp is extremely consumer of fresh water, and while great strides have been developed in the reuse of this and chemicals caustic, is far from reasonable for the current state of nature, everything leads us to try to minimize the paper usage in our daily lives and to respect and love the role we have in hand, for the cost and sacrifice has meant to produce.





Paper Properties

Well, I finally feel that we can enter the field of physical and structural differences between different types of paper. The main properties of the paper is divided into structural and mechanical. In the next posts will talk about each.

structural properties are:

Weight Training


Thickness Duplex
Directionality smoothness

Porosity

Weight

In industrial terms, Paper weight is measured in packets of a certain amount and certain standard sizes but different, which makes it very cumbersome and difficult any comparative analysis of their characteristics, therefore the International System of Units established the amount of mass contained in a sheet fixed surface, weight or value of grams per square meter (g/m2), as an index characterizing the role.

Typical values \u200b\u200bfor different kinds of paper are:

Training

training paper refers to the uniform distribution of fibers and other components across a sheet of paper is in the process of settling and creation of the pulp sheet which controls the distribution of material and its uniformity.

thickness

The thickness (or caliper) is a vital parameter but somewhat underestimated by designers and packers, who generally look for the paper thin as possible to their complex shapes, especially when using the box-pleating and technical design. There is a tendency to believe that the thickness of paper is worthless and does not affect the geometry and symmetry of a figure, nothing more wrong, especially when it comes to folding many layers together.

is clear that the number of layers to be folded together is related to the thickness of paper used. However, there is a physical limit that teaches us to gauge the real importance of the thickness of the role of folding a single sheet. To illustrate exaggerate the thickness of a paper and see how many layers of paper generated large concentric circles around the bend, the higher the number, the greater its diameter and higher paper remaining on the leaf.

The calculation of these diameters was made by a math student in the U.S. (now professor) called Britney Gallivan in December 2001, obtaining a series of numbers and a formula to calculate the length L required for a sheet t thick paper can be folded a number of n consecutive times:

For example, the thickness of a regular bond paper for your printer is 0.1 mm, suppose we want to turn this page over itself 10 times, just lose 55.036036 meters! only paper in the folds ...

She managed to establish in 2005 a world record by folding a sheet over itself a number of 12 times (for the curious, our road would measure 880 meters, nearly a mile long)

regular thickness values \u200b\u200bfor different roles are given in the following table:

An important parameter is calculated by dividing the weight by the thickness of paper used, called the bulk density, very thin paper but high weight may be more resistant to tearing than others, usually in the compression step in the manufacture of paper when these differences are achieved. When we see the mechanical properties of paper talk more about it.

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A flying Condor (my first design)


Hello,

I decided to give me (and them) a little rest while preparing the next entry in my research paper and folded (which is almost ready) to share with you the development experience of my first design of an origami figure. In the workshop on Purranque Roman Diaz gave in February I decided that my first figure out a condor, as it is a magnificent and beautiful bird, and do not exist or have not found this bird models out there circulating.

True to the recommendation of the workshop, listed the goals he wanted to get a list of priorities:

1. it was a condor in flight, with wings full width.
2. to have a color change that would allow a white neck, characteristic of this bird.
3. have their legs folded in a position to plan (I love birds with their feet as they give the impression that the model is complete).
4. have their long feathers on the tips of the wings, like fingers, also characteristic of this animal.
5. where possible, have an elegant and quiet, not too "scavenger".
   

the first two conditions were Intransa, so I advocate to them. The first direct influence on the choice of the base, if he wanted to have long wings should preferably use the main diagonal of the square and use the other two ends to the head and tail, soon gave to a base that responded very well to that between the figures that have folded in this way, the base of Pegasus Anibal Voyer:



if joined end AB and AC with double valley not only got a couple of very long wings and enough paper to shape the head and possible details, but also, as it bends slightly inclined, the closing figure on the side of its tail the wings would print some 3D curve downward.

But then came the mess of the head and the famous color change, as I had to shorten the tip enough to the center, as the condor's head is very small compared with their wings, I had no choice but to hide paper at the leading edge of them, which gave however a stronger shaft to hold the wings spread and the model in place, and to hide three bands was with a small triangle of paper to the center of the model

However, fold forward and close the tip in the central axis could not achieve a change of color that I left his white collar without him was too wide spread to the points of the triangle, would not give a color head or it will end at the tip of the paper as being a complete single layer in a natural point allow me to develop the finer details as the peak or crest.

after many weeks, frustrations and models made, I at last with a trick that would allow me





then came the issue of the wings, long feathers like fingers on the ends of them were a problem, box pleating fingers does not satisfy me, because although they were separated, left wings were full of bands multiple layers along, so I tried saw the Kingfisher Roman Diaz, who showed me that the simplest solution is sometimes the best, with only feathers drawn on the wing, resulting
model


that's pretty good. But I decided, after seeing the feathers of the eagle by Nguyen Hung Cuong, experiment with overlapping layers, which is what turned.

finally the tail. I tried many glues and the solution so far my favorite was something like box-pleating or accordion but gives a certain elegance and simulates the tail feathers of the wing, while hidden inside the model, but I have not fully decided .

This condor still needs more time and work, I still have some details like the crest (which I'll try making the head a little bigger and plunging his hand up a little), but it certainly has made me learn a lot. What better bow down on paper and finish the details and put a picture soon, I hope you like it and would love know what you think.

Many greetings.

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Role (Part II)

had planned to say a few things about the behavior of the paper to be folded but I think there are still things to be filed under paper as raw material and manufacturing. Much of this input comes from the fantastic book by Michael G. LaFosse Advanced Origami ", a true guide to become an artisan and origami paper.

Cellulose

Continuing with our approach to the nature of the paper, mentioned in the first part cellulose and its discovery in 1852 by Meillier, no clutch, some sources suggest the French botanist Anselme Payen as the first person to isolate the cellulose in wood. [1 2] . This element is the main structural component of cells of land plants and is important for origami because its atomic bonds favor the formation of molecular fibers. If we see the cellulose molecule (C6 H10 O5)



notice that their free ends with OH H2O can generate a very strong bond and in turn generate a regularly oriented chain molecules, this is the origin of the fibers plants, the greater the number of molecules linked in this way (known as a polysaccharide) the greater the resulting fibers, and as we saw earlier, this is vital to the strength of the resulting paper. The fuzz surrounding the fruit of the cotton is the purest form of cellulose found in nature and they can reach up to 6000 contain cellulose molecules aligned in a polysaccharide. This bond is so strong that only herbivorous animals with highly developed digestive systems can break. As data can be said that cotton fibers are between 1 and 3 cm long, while the pine is just 3 mm. Generally

first plant cell walls contain almost pure cellulose and as we are entering the cell within other elements, such as lignin, appear. The following is a table with the structural content (in%) of different plants in nature:


Source: TAPPI

all these elements outside the cellulose adversely affect the quality and length of paper and different methods have been designed throughout history to eliminate them, many of them highly toxic chemicals and the environment (here is the reason that the bins are the focus of serious environmental controversies and throwing their waste chemicals into rivers or sea beds, besides the fact that native flora changed by pine, which has a high degree of destruction of fertile soil, but is cheaper and faster development). As noted, in 1852 the American Benjamin Chew Tilghman patented the method for obtaining wood pulp through chemical generation of sulfite pulp. In the world the trend is to obtain cellulose from trees, with the exception of India and China, which use other plants.

Finally I must say that the cellulose molecular bond is so strong and closed the paper is generally more rigid in one direction than another, well, a square piece of paper that is held by one edge to bend less at gravity if it holds for the other, since the fibers tend to be oriented mainly in one direction. Similarly, due to its strong bonding, cellulose is not soluble in water, and when you add this to the paper, the fibers tend to swell sideways rather than lengthwise, that is why dampened paper generates "wrinkles" and does not grow into its end (an important fact when looking for folding paper wet).

The Beaten



As we saw in the first part, long fibers generate a strong but coarse paper and small paper fibers are soft and thin. The chemical process of separating cellulose is characterized by left intact and separated fiber, so if you want to provide finesse to the role requires a treatment of agitated and beaten them. For this special mills are used where it circulates the pulp, the Hollander is the tool traditionally used for this. It basically consists of a circuit for the water plus a rotary mill square teeth that reduce the passage area of \u200b\u200bliquid hitting the fibers scattered short.

fibers break and shorten, causing the paper is more fragile.

Obviously, the longer the time the pulp is subjected to this process, the greater the opacity and fineness of the resulting paper, and the greater its fragility (eg normal handmade paper is held in this cycle for a couple of hours, whereas traditional tissue paper can be more than eight hours).

Pulp Sheet

Once the pulp mixture exits the mixer, you can color blends through withholding agents and pigments. Then you should create a uniform layer of pulp that gives rise to the paper, a way of achieving this is by mixing and dispersing the pulp in an amount of water and depositing this mixture into a rectangular frame that has the final form of paper as cellulose does not dissolve in water, stay dry and homogeneous layer of certain thickness, if the frame has a filter at its base and the water drains, the result is better and more homogeneous. The industrial process disperses the wet pulp production in long lines to regulate the thickness and concentration of the pulp. Pressed



The sheet made of wet pulp is subjected to varying pressures based on the degree of density that is required of the paper. Here again we look to the cellulose fibers, while fibers increases flatten the area covered by them and win the role in opacity and density, as shown in the following figures, plus lots of water remaining in the pulp thus removed the leaf, achieving a more consistent role. Usually the leaves are placed between layers of felt (cluster wool or hair) that do not adhere to the pulp.





Drying
Finally the paper is dried by air so as not to lose its color or fibers from drying too. They are also can be finished with certain materials that make it more smooth and soft in one or both layers.

to arrive here with the papermaking process. In the next post we'll see how it behaves with the folded paper and the different techniques for this exist, and their effect on the fiber, stress and resilience of the paper (fatigue life). Hope you like this seeming interesting;)

Bibliography
1 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose

http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/2000/Cellulose/history.htm 3 http://www.forestprod.org/cdromdemo/pf/pf8.html