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A month ago I returned from Peru, where I attended the First International Meeting of Origami Cusco 2007. This is the second international convention that I go then I decided to open up the world of this activity. I got to meet wonderful people and amaze me how travel can only wonder and kicking up the inner world of human beings.

Nicaraguan People like Aldo Marcell, who in his loneliness and conviction figures has developed an amazing and impressive spirit to understand the representation and nature. His work as a botanist and his fascination by observation of living beings (including us) allowed me to find a comprehensive and balanced beauty within a person a little shy but very thoughtful. For example here you can see one of their stars modular and a look at the table who shared co Meri Beatriz and exposure in the event.




Diego Quevedo also met in Colombia, CP solver, who enjoys an emotional and honest personality, a great friend who I hope will come to Chile in February, here in the workshop that gave Cusco.




And then there were the guys Origami Cusco, Antarki, Roy, Omar, Johnathan (and that I will), a gang with which I felt very comfortable. Hyperactive and with a sense of humor lol. It's amazing the youth of the group back in Cusco, but their jobs were at the highest level. I gave a little laugh that expect me to be something of a celebrity or some kind of expert:) I must also admit that I worried at first that difference in age between us (the guests) and they, but slowly and a good dose of "chacota" as we say here in Chile, we all feel part of the same experience and enjoy at maximum capacity. His enthusiasm and the ease with which faced every challenge pushed me to renew my vows and look forward to a year that has been particularly difficult and where, curiously, my practice of origami exploited and conquered an important place in my mind.

part of the gang here ...


Ten years ago he had traveled to Cusco, then a university willing to live life to the full and that trip was one of the best experiences of my life, I am very happy that this return would allow me to realize that, although a little older and sadder, life presents me as then, full of beauty, humor, emotions and people. A special greeting to Roberto Romero, a man who risks for what you believe and put your self in the line when it comes to realize their visions and projects. His organization of the meeting was impressive, and fail-safe and let me know one aspect of origami as important as generally neglected: social action.



I started this activity as something personal and even a little selfish, sometimes we get carried away by our ego and we have our challenges to try to achieve excellence and perfection in our fold. And this meeting just threw us a ground wire, gave workshops every day, from schools full of children to women in recovery processes. I faced the reality that taught me the treatment costs, do not keep in memory for simple and effective figures who are just interested in learning, I had to learn in the hall (thanks to Duck Kunz) one or two things to teach, the teaching experience, however, Pato was unable to show me. It was both a beautiful and difficult.

Origami is an art as it is a representation, a language with which to represent, but also therapy and is game, that can not be forgotten, that helps many people, and helps us to ourselves, and magic as well, is to get a dove on a sheet of paper, is to make a penguin out of nowhere and do that a person dreams about penguins and fantasies. That was the best and also the most difficult part of this great meeting, a lesson that I hope to exploit.

A big greeting to the friends of Bolivia, one of them shared a bottle night tripartite (Chile, Peru and Bolivia) ja, dry hair ...

I posted the few pictures I rescued from my camera, they can also visit the site Origami Cusco, there figures and see the wonderful times we spent in Peru.

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The Paper (4 Part)

been a while, lots of things, but enfin, here we are back. After a welcome break, and my amazing trip to the Cusco Convention (which I'll write soon, just have the photos) it's time to continue this way. We stayed in some of the main structural properties of the paper, we discussed the weight, thickness and training and it is still necessary to mention others that complete the structural framework of this noble material.

Thus, in this chapter we will take care of Directionality, "Duplex," Smoothness and Porosity , all directly affected by production processes used in modern manufacture of paper.

Directionality.

This is one of the most important characteristics of papermaking. Because the pulp is moved unidirectionally in busy circuits and production lines, the fibers tend to align in one main direction (the flow), the fact that the fibers are oriented in one direction directly affects Paper mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elastic recovery to the fold, the shape and spread of the tear and worthwhile to say, bending, marking or punching, which occur more easily in the opposite direction of the fibers since the fibers which have the elastic recovery factor according to the direction axial. The grain direction is so important for the formation of boxes, packages and forms is indicated on the packages of cards and papers that are sent to factories and companies, in the case of rolls this direction is obvious.

To determine the grain direction of a sheet of paper the simplest method is to observe the natural sag of the sheet in different directions holding one end of the road, here an example with a square of plain paper printing

the grain direction (Main Grain Direction or Direction) is offered by smaller buckling in this case close the first image, the cross direction (Cross Direction) is close to the second.

Another way to know is to observe the direction of the curl of the paper when it is wet, this is because the fibers swell in the axial direction more than in the diagonal, as can be seen these old books affected by moisture:

Finally, other tests to determine it are more destructive and include measuring the tensile strength (greater in the direction of the grain) or impact on the role and evaluating cracks produced (paradoxically higher in the transverse direction).

More on this when we review the mechanical properties of paper, but by way of example, if we take a sheet of kraft paper of 90 (g/m2) which, as we have seen, corresponds to a purely chemical process leaving the fibers intact, if these are aligned along its length, the sheet has a limit of tensile strength of 7.43 (KN / m) in the Department of Fiber and 3.81 (kN / m) in the cross direction (source TAPPI: Properties of Paper, an Introduction). Similar differences are seen in many of the mechanical properties of paper, like doblabilidad, propagation of tears and others that we will see later.

Duplex

also because the production processes of paper pulp is pulled into its production line for metal bands that have surface grid, which influence the concentration of elements in it, creating a significant difference between the compositions of the paper surface and the opposite, which is in contact with the rollers and pulleys. This is how you can display a distribution of components along the z axis (vertical) of the paper, the main affected the refiners and filling materials or routes.


side of the grid is commonly called "Side Cable (Wire Side) and that is in contact with pulleys and rollers" Side Felt (Felt Side). The first graph shows the concentration of ash along the z axis of the sheet of paper, which is used as filler material, the second shows the resistance to filtration, which is greater to the extent that the paper has refiners, that is, the paper absorbs less of Felt Side than on the side of the cable, which makes items such as dyes are more concentrated in the side of the wire in the Felt.

To identify the other side it helps to know that there are superficial differences, the grid marking in grid or diamond, visible on the blade to 45 degrees against the light, this can be done by passing a more noticeable Light charcoal pencil on the surface, plus it generally felt Side has a closer formation and is softer than the end of the cable.

Another

method is to cause a tear keeping one hand on a hard surface such as glass, ripping is done in the direction of the grain and then curve towards the diagonal, when the side of cable is up, ie is the free side, ripping, especially in the curve, shows greater defibrillation (pen), and finally, if the paper contains an abrasive filler, marking a line with a silver coin will leave a darker mark on the side of the felt that the opposite.

The difference of both sides directly influences the type of fold and they support the resistance, the side of the felt is denser and therefore resists bending more to the valley, which are understanding that the bush (expansion), among other features

Softness

Soft is a surface property of paper and usually has consequences for mechanical applications, writing and paper handling more than doubled and its response to the work of origami, however, aesthetic effects of rough surfaces others are more important and the use of layers to change the softness of a sheet of paper can influence the bending properties. There are several methods for measuring the smoothness, which ranging from optical analysis in the light, the use of microscopes and micrometers, to measure the passage of air between the paper and glass, the friction of it against metal or other paper to the printing ink roller.

Porosity

Porosity is a vital factor in the composition of the paper, the paper should be considered normal in 50% air, something which is within the fibers themselves, but a large majority is in the pores formed between the component materials. The ratio of pore volume versus total volume is called porosity of the material. The porosity is measured only sporadically in laboratories and experimental parameter measured is usually one related: air permeability, which is basically the flow of pressurized air passing through a sheet of paper, or their Conversely, the strength of paper to passage of air. These parameters are close but not comparable roles as porosity, but one with small and uniformly distributed pores can have very different roles permeability of large pores distributed unevenly.

Porosity is important for several reasons, either because it affects mechanical properties such as resistance to or surface tension and appearance, or their influence on treatment such as printing capacity, saturation or surface revstimientos application and to use it is put to paper (napkins, towels, cigarettes, paper towels, filter or insulating and fat test).

is important to note that also affects the ability of dubbing the paper, the tensile strength decreases with the porosity and the number of folds and paper handling complex origami models, in addition to the folds are not marked by the absence of material to define the breaks of the fibers (try a Komatsu on a napkin) however, a very low porosity, ie a very dense, it can be difficult to handle.